Ричард Докинз цитаты

страница 6

„Когда люди верят в нечто, потому что боятся попасть в ад, — это просто чушь невменяемая. Но если родители вбивают ребёнку страх перед Богом, религия распространяется как вирус.“

„После сна длиной в сотни миллионов веков, мы, наконец, открыли глаза на шикарной планете, сверкающей цветами, богатой жизнью. В течение нескольких десятилетий мы должны будем закрыть глаза снова. Это ли не благородный, просвещённый путь посвятить наше короткое время под солнцем работе над пониманием вселенной и того, как мы в ней оказались? Вот как я отвечаю, когда меня спрашивают, зачем я утруждаюсь вставать по утрам с постели.“

„Мы умрем, и это делает нас счастливчиками. Большинство людей никогда не умрут, потому что они никогда не родятся. Число потенциальных людей, которые могли бы быть здесь, на моем месте, но на самом деле никогда не увидят дневного света, намного больше, чем песчинок в Сахаре. Разумеется, что в рядах неродившихся призраков находятся поэты более великие, чем Китc, ученые более великие, чем Ньютон. Мы знаем это, потому что множество людей, допустимое нашими ДНК, несравнимо больше, чем множество настоящих людей. И из пасти этих мизерных шансов рождения вырвались заурядные вы и я. Мы привилегированная кучка людей, которые вопреки всем шансам выиграли в лотерею рождения. Как мы смеем жаловаться на наше неминуемое возвращение в то состояние, из которого подавляющие большинство никогда не рождалось.“

„Религиозные люди любят обращать внимание на то, что Исаак Ньютон был верующим. Ну конечно был – он же жил до Дарвина. До Дарвина быть атеистом было, наверно, не так-то просто.“

„Вы писали, что если Иисус существовал и пошел на смерть, как это описано в Библии, то у него, как вы выразились, съехала крыша.
— Нет никаких свидетельств, что у самого Иисуса съехала крыша, но вот доктрина, изобретенная впоследствии Павлом, – что Иисус умер за наши грехи – она совершенно безумна. Это же отвратительно: полагать, что творец вселенной, способный изобрести законы физики и процессы эволюции не нашел лучшего способа искупить наши грехи, нежели дать замучить себя до смерти!“

„У вас есть верующие друзья?
— Нет. Не то чтобы я избегал таких людей – просто я вращаюсь в образованных, интеллектуальных кругах, а там религиозных людей обычно не встретишь. Я в хороших отношениях с некоторыми епископами и священниками, которые типа во что-то верят… или им просто нравятся музыка и витражи.“

„Так что же делает нас людьми?
— Мы уникальные обезьяны. У нас есть язык. У других животных тоже есть коммуникативные системы, но куда более несовершенные. У них нет нашей способности говорить о вещах, которых нет в реальности. Это уникальные черты нашего развитого обезьяньего мозга, который, судя по имеющимся доказательствам, прошел лишь через небольшое количество мутаций.“

„Быть может, осознание возникает тогда, когда модель мира, создаваемая мозгом, достигает такой полноты, что ему приходится включать в нее модель самого себя.“

„Какова судьба древних репликаторов теперь, спустя 4x10^9 лет? Они не вымерли, ибо они — непревзойденные мастера в искусстве выживания. Но не надо искать их в океане, они давно перестали свободно и непринужденно парить в его водах. Теперь они собраны в огромные колонии и находятся в полной безопасности в гигантских неуклюжих роботах, отгороженные от внешнего мира, общаясь с ним извилистыми непрямыми путями и воздействуя на него с помощью дистанционного управления. Они присутствуют в вас и во мне; они создали нас, наши души и тела; и единственный смысл нашего существования — их сохранение. Они прошли длинный путь, эти репликаторы. Теперь они существуют под названием генов, а мы служим для них машинами выживания.“

„Между прочим, религиозный студент может придти в замешательство, недоумевая зачем Бог создаёт проблемы, снабжая хищников красивой адаптацией для ловли добычи, при этом другой рукой снабжая добычу красивой адаптацией, препятствующей этому. Видимо Он наслаждается этим спортом как зритель.“

„Вас не волнует, что ваши оппоненты могут попытаться обратить вас к вере на смертном одре, как креационисты попытались поступить с Дарвином?
— Меня больше волнует эффект Энтони Флю. Флю был британским философом-атеистом, который на старости лет обратился. Думаю, он просто впал в маразм. И от этого-то никакой гарантии нет!“

„Если бы сторонники расовой сегрегации были поумнее, они бы, заявили — насколько мне известно, не кривя при этом душой, — что смешение рас противоречит их религии. Большая часть оппозиции тут же почтительно удалилась бы на цыпочках. И не нужно заявлять, что это несправедливое сравнение, потому что и у расовой сегрегации нет рационального обоснования. Аналогично этому главным постулатом религиозной веры, силой её и вящей славой служит то, что от неё не требуется рационального обоснования. Остальным нам приходится отстаивать свои убеждения. Но попроси верующего обосновать его веру — и тебя обвинят в посягательстве на «свободу совести.»“

“All the world's Muslims have fewer Nobel Prizes than Trinity College, Cambridge. They did great things in the Middle Ages, though.”

“On the Argument from Degree: "That's an argument? You might as well say, people vary in smelliness but we can make the comparison only by reference to a perfect maximum of conceivable smelliness. Therefore there must exist a pre-eminently peerless stinker, and we call him God. Or substitute any dimension of comparison you like, and derive an equivalently fatuous conclusion."”

“You could give Aristotle a tutorial. And you could thrill him to the core of his being. Aristotle was an encyclopedic polymath, an all time intellect. Yet not only can you know more than him about the world, you also can have a deeper understanding of how everything works. Such is the privilege of living after Newton, Darwin, Einstein, Planck, Watson, Crick and their colleagues.”

“Your DNA may be destined to mingle with mine. Salutations!”

“My last vestige of "hands-off religion" respect disappeared in the smoke and choking dust of September 11, 2001, followed by the "National Day of Prayer", when prelates and pastors did their tremulous Martin Luther King impersonation and urged people of mutually incompatible faiths to hold hands, united in homage to the very force that caused the problem in the first place.”

“The reason Smolin's idea is interesting is that it may answer the challenge, "The universe is too good to be true. It looks like a put-up job." But, note that the Smolin hypothesis cannot be used to account in particular for the BIOLOGICAL part of that "too good to be true". Smolinian selection may account for the fact that our universe has the necessary constants, dimensionality and laws to last for last for a long time (not fizzle out or crunch immediately its initiating bang), long enough to spawn daughter universes (and INCIDENTALLY long enough to breed life). But Smolinian selection cannot account for the fact that our universe is specifically congenial to life, or to intelligent life, or to us. My negative conclusion would break down only if life itself is in the habit of engineering the spawning of daughter universes. As far as I am aware, this hasn't been suggested, but it is, I suppose, a theoretical possibility that daughter universes are generated as a consequence of the fooling around of highly evolved physicists.”

“It is often said, mainly by the 'no-contests', that although there is no positive evidence for the existence of God, nor is there evidence against his existence. So it is best to keep an open mind and be agnostic. At first sight that seems an unassailable position, at least in the weak sense of Pascal's wager. But on second thoughts it seems a cop-out, because the same could be said of Father Christmas and tooth fairies. There may be fairies at the bottom of the garden. There is no evidence for it, but you can't prove that there aren't any, so shouldn't we be agnostic with respect to fairies?”

“In the case of the cosmos, […] even if we don’t understand how it came about, it’s not helpful to postulate a creator, because the creator is the very kind of thing that needs an explanation - and although it's difficult enough to explain how a very simple origin of the universe came into being - how matter and energy, how one or two physical constants came into existence - although it’s difficult enough to think how simplicity came into existence, it’s a hell of a lot harder to think how something as complicated as a God comes into existence - difficult enough to think of how a deist God comes into existence, and even more difficult to think of - how a Christian God, who actually cares about things like sin and gets Himself born of a virgin.”

“I'm not clever enough to be a physicist.”

“Suggest always put Islamic "scholar" in quotes, to avoid insulting true scholars. True scholars have read more than one book.”

“To an atheist […], there is no all-seeing all-loving god to keep us free from harm. But atheism is not a recipe for despair. I think the opposite. By disclaiming the idea of the next life, we can take more excitement in this one. The here and now is not something to be endured before eternal bliss or damnation. The here and now is all we have, an inspiration to make the most of it. So atheism is life-affirming, in a way religion can never be. Look around you. Nature demands our attention, begs us to explore, to question. Religion can provide only facile, ultimately unsatisfying answers. Science, in constantly seeking real explanations, reveals the true majesty of our world in all its complexity. People sometimes say "There must be more than just this world, than just this life". But how much more do you want? We are going to die, and that makes us the lucky ones. Most people are never going to die because they’re never going to be born. The number of people who could be here, in my place, outnumber the sand grains of Sahara. If you think about all the different ways in which our genes could be permuted, you and I are quite grotesquely lucky to be here, the number of events that had to happen in order for you to exist, in order for me to exist. We are privileged to be alive and we should make the most of our time on this world.”

“The fact that life evolved out of nearly nothing, some 10 billion years after the universe evolved out of literally nothing, is a fact so staggering that I would be mad to attempt words to do it justice.”

“Never say, and never take seriously anyone who says, "I cannot believe that so-and-so could have evolved by gradual selection". I have dubbed this kind of fallacy "the Argument from Personal Incredulity". Time and again, it has proven the prelude to an intellectual banana-skin experience.”

“Islam needs a feminist revolution. It will be hard. What can we do to help?”

“They are in you and me; they created us, body and mind; and their preservation is the ultimate rationale for our existence. They have come a long way, those replicators. Now they go by the name of genes, and we are their survival machines.”

“I am often accused of expressing contempt and despising religious people. I don't despise religious people, I despise what they stand for. I like to quote the British journalist Johann Hari who said, "I have so much respect for you, that I cannot respect your ridiculous ideas."”

“But perhaps the rest of us could have separate classes in science appreciation, the wonder of science, scientific ways of thinking, and the history of scientific ideas, rather than laboratory experience.”

“Maybe somewhere in some other galaxy there is a super-intelligence so colossal that from our point of view it would be a god. But it cannot have been the sort of God that we need to explain the origin of the universe, because it cannot have been there that early.”

“It is grindingly, creakingly, crashingly obvious that, if Darwinism were really a theory of chance, it couldn't work.”

“Our ethics and our politics assume, largely without question or serious discussion, that the division between human and 'animal' is absolute. 'Pro-life', to take just one example, is a potent political badge, associated with a gamut of ethical issues such as opposition to abortion and euthanasia.
What it really means is pro-human-life. Abortion clinic bombers are not known for their veganism, nor do Roman Catholics show any particular reluctance to have their suffering pets 'put to sleep'. In the minds of many confused people, a single-celled human zygote, which has no nerves and cannot suffer, is infinitely sacred, simply because it is 'human'. No other cells enjoy this exalted status.
But such 'essentialism' is deeply un-evolutionary. If there were a heaven in which all the animals who ever lived could frolic, we would find an interbreeding continuum between every species and every other. For example I could interbreed with a female who could interbreed with a male who could… fill in a few gaps, probably not very many in this case… who could interbreed with a chimpanzee.
We could construct longer, but still unbroken chains of interbreeding individuals to connect a human with a warthog, a kangaroo, a catfish. This is not a matter of speculative conjecture; it necessarily follows from the fact of evolution.
A successful hybridisation between a human and a chimpanzee. Even if the hybrid were infertile like a mule, the shock waves that would be sent through society would be salutary. This is why a distinguished biologist described this possibility as the most immoral scientific experiment he could imagine: it would change everything! It cannot be ruled out as impossible, but it would be surprising.”

“Imagine you are God. You’re all-powerful, nothing is beyond you. You’re all-loving. So it is really, really important to you that humans are left in no doubt about your existence and your loving nature, and exactly what they need to do in order to get to heaven and avoid eternity in the fires of hell. It’s really important to you to get that across. So what do you do? Well, if you’re Jehovah, apparently this is what you do. You talk in riddles. You tell stories which on the surface have a different message from the one you apparently want us to understand. You expect us to hear X, and instinctively understand that it needs to be interpreted in the light of Y, which you happen to have said in the course of a completely different story 500-1,000 years earlier. Instead of speaking directly into our heads - which God has presumed the capability of doing so - simply, clearly and straightforwardly in terms which the particular individual being addressed will immediately understand and respond to positively - you steep your messages in symbols, in metaphors. In fact, you choose to convey the most important message in the history of creation in code, as if you aspired to be Umberto Eco or Dan Brown. Anyone would think your top priority was to keep generation after generation after generation of theologians in meaningless employment, rather than communicate an urgent life-or-death message to the creatures you love more than any other.”

“The late Christopher Evans, a psychologist and author, calculated that if the motor car had evolved as fast as the computer, and over the same time period, "Today you would be able to buy a Rolls-Royce for £35, it would do three million miles to the gallon, and it would deliver enough power to drive the QE2 And if you were interested in miniaturisation, you could place half a dozen of them on a pinhead."”

“I’m all for offending people’s religion. I think it should be offended at every opportunity”

“The Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation… claims… the "Whole substance" of the wine is converted into the blood of Christ,; the appearance of wine that remains is "merely accidental", "inhering in no substance". Transubstantiation is colloquially taught as meaning that the wine "literally" turns into the blood of Christ. Whether in its obfuscatory Aristotelian or its franker colloquial form, the claim of transubstantiation can be made only if we do serious violence to the normal meanings of words like 'substance' and 'literally'.”

“To explain the origin of the DNA/protein machine by invoking a supernatural Designer is to explain precisely nothing, for it leaves unexplained the origin of the Designer.”

“Eugenics was not inspired by Darwin's natural selection but by ancient agricultural ARTIFICIAL selection. Eugenics is UNnatural selection.”

“If you want to do evil, science provides the most powerful weapons to do evil; but equally, if you want to do good, science puts into your hands the most powerful tools to do so. The trick is to want the right things, then science will provide you with the most effective methods of achieving them.”

“Reason has built the modern world. It is a precious but also a fragile thing, which can be corroded by apparently harmless irrationality. We must favor verifiable evidence over private feeling. Otherwise we leave ourselves vulnerable to those who would obscure the truth.”

“If we ever talk to aliens, their civilisation will be far more advanced than ours (because of distances involved). They won't be religious!”